Introduction
In the modern era, everyone needs more work in constant time with the best quality. Each organization wants to increase its productivity in significant time and product costs. So as days are going passing, industries being converted into digitalization. Old and heavy machines which are not able to maintain accuracy and time continuity. One machine can save the effort of many men and maintain the economy rate. These require only a few operators who are expert to handle these machines.
CADD stands for Computer-aided drafting and designing. In general, it is called CAD. Contain a complete process of manufacturing of a product. These are categorised into three parts …
1. CAD
The basic and initial requirement of manufacturing is CAD. Formally it is used for drafting and sketching the object. With the help of these software 2D and 3D designing can be prepared. These are used by various streams of engineers such as mechanical, electrical, civil and electronics, etc. It allows you to imply your ideas on the system by means of 2D or 3D drawing.
Autocad，SolidWorks, and Creo are some software that counts in CAD category.
2. CAE
It stands for Computer Aided Engineering. Through this, engineering operation of testing applied like as the product is how reliable and its strength,mechanical propertiesare controlled and checked by this.
Ansys, Hyper mesh and NS NXT, etc are the examples of CAE Software.
3. CAM
这代表计算机辅助制造。创建设计并完成测试后，将处理对象进行制造。这些结论是用于生产最终产品的自动化机器。
NX cam, SolidCAM are the example of cam software.
历史
The earlier designing process on computer being started in the 50’s decade. The initial idea of designing on system come on the ground byPaul J Hanratty博士，1950年. It was able to draw only lines and it has made a sense to design the mechanical components on computers.
After that many researchers and organizations started to working on it. In 1957 MIT(Massachusetts institute of technology) researchers comes with a new idea of making it programmable by using coding and these programs will enable designing tool.
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现代CAD
After observing its popularity and analyzing its future benefits many research has been started and organizations starts to investing in improving the designing software. During the period of 1960 to 1980 many designing tools have been added which were very effective and some of them still using nowadays.
The most amazing fact is that they were working only on 16 bit PC’s. As days passed PC’s improved and come with specific features in refresh form.
AutoCAD ERA
软件公司Autodeskin 1982 represents CAD system software. It has enough features according to that day’s requirement. In 1986 PC world magazine has called it the world’s best designing software which is still going on.
该软件使用相同的工具和功能工作了10年，并在1993年获得了3D建模功能，从而爆炸了对设计师的惊人影响。它允许从不同角度采取更好和不同的视图。
通过3D建模重新设计项目非常容易，并且可以对设计进行必要的更改。CAD组织仍在努力，每年都有一些新功能和工具。有一些组织提供CAD服务where people can develop their design models and projects very easily.
What is CAD?
In exact meaning, CAD is a type of software for designing as well as drafting software used by professionals, engineers, architects and product designers.
It allows the computer systems to draw complex designs which may take many hours by hand drafting but in only few minutes with the use of keyboards and mouse. It grants and conveys the important role in…
- Creation
- Development
- Modification
- Analysis and
Optimization of design and manufacturing activity.
Through using these softwares, it is very easy to make 2D and 3D drawings. In AutoCAD sometimes it takes time in 3D drafting because the 3D modeling tool is not proficient and much friendly with drafters. We need to go for different software for different designs. In modern market different types of software available and can be chosen according to our requirement. Industries do not take all the tools, they use only specific and concentrated tools. Software purchased on account of the consideration of industry economy. These are very expensive and wisely investment is grant need.
WHY CAD?
This technology made to design and drafting the object because by using this software the designs can be drawn very easily on the system with the use of graphics in fine quality.
计算机辅助设计减少了正在考虑的生产成本，以提高生产率。可以实施创意，并能够制定复杂的模型。完成的模型可以与设计过程前后一起重新设计。它对产品管理有很好的认可，因此无需担心其库存。另一个优点是它可以在一秒钟内将其从一个办公室转移到另一个办公室。
During production, you can redesign the model and be developed with respect to save the time and cost of production. These are its advantages which elongate the production rate and industry investment.
At initial design is prepared by designing software after that modification analysis starts in which required changes conveys. For analysis extra software are also available by using that testing operation applies which clarifies various mechanical properties and the strength, performance of the product. There are various tools for optimization and to change the properties of the product according to customer requirements. This is a very important stage of designing if it will not be done properly in a well manner the final can fail and will not overcome organization requirement product quality. So the product quality is solely dependent upon the optimization process which can make the product more powerful or can change the internal properties.
完成优化或分析过程后，将开始计算机辅助制造软件的作用。这些可以Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machinesor together with Dynamic Numeric Control machines. They are program based digital machines run on behalf of a given program by the operator.
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Potential Uses
There are huge and most broad uses in CIM (computer integrated manufacturing). This includes the process of computer aided engineering and finite element analysis (FEA).
FEA covers the analyzation of design with very fine and accurate elemental testing process. It can observe a minor defect in design and represent that with pinpoints by means of finite element analysis.
CAM type software instructs the CNC and DNC machines. These machines are operated by expert operators, able to read the design.
CAD系统用于绘制照片逼真的渲染。
These act as product data management –
在管理运营中，它在制造经济生产方面起着有效的作用。管理行业的投入和产出率。通过这种质量，它也关注库存。
It also works as a document manager. Because sometimes it becomes critical to manage the hard copies so it keeps that information in the form of soft data. It prevents from hacking ideas.
类型
在早期只能画2 d绘图but after days passed, the technical and smart devices come in to know. These are more skillful, it’s the time of 3D drawing which is an extensive and improved form of 2D designing. 2D drawings are unable to show each section and different views of an object so it was a necessity to take differ views which becomes true with the use of the 3D tool. It allows seeing isometric views of the object.
There are not any basic types of these software but further, we will try classify these on account of its operation, use and property…
1. 2D图
在此下，该软件仅在两个轴上工作。无法显示等距视图。
2. 3D dumb solid
在这种情况下，对象可能成为现实世界的对象。
3. Parametric solid
These designs are advanced 3D models. In this, the objects can be modifying as our requirement. Every software is not fluent for every type of operation like using AutoCAD and draw 3D models becomes very difficult. As well as very hard to draw complex designs and making the modification.
But another designing software like SolidWorks and Creo are more friendly for 3D designing. By using their tools, it is very easy for instant modification.
4. 3D CAM Modeller
In the modification point of view, it has the best tool and through this, it does not require the past design tree to edit the design. Able to edit choosing the portion of design which is required or where a defect is created. So it doesn’t need to call the past command/action which has been used.
5. Direct 3D CAM
This is also known as an explicit modeler, allows to edit the design with the use of history tree. If due to any cause history tree lost, then after than it is also able to make changes.
历史树 - 它在图形区域的大部分侧面生长。当我们使用命令时，工具被显示并存储为历史树的一种形式。通过使用这些工具或命令，我们可以编辑使用这些命令的特定区域。这是这种类型的主要优点，是在特定的集中区域进行更改。
Interaction with Computer Graphics
Interactive computer graphic (ICG), is a most important and effective part of CAD system with the help of that Computer Aided Designing interfaces with the human.
我们知道计算机知道唯一language that is binary codes. It takes its commands from input devices like keyboard, mouse and converts it in the form pictures and readable form. Creating drawing and making its visible on our system screen is possible only with the help of graphics, the whole credit for visual is goes to interactive computer graphics. Nowadays in the market, there are different types of software being available which have their own requirements, on behalf of their features and capabilities. Every designing software needs graphics cards which can be of different storage. For modern software, the minimum requirement of a graphic card is 2 GB. It will increase according to types of work and reliability. Enough graphic allows drawing the design very quickly and freely. If you don’t have enough capacity, then the system may hang during the work and the images take load after some time. System response becomes very poor.
Advantages
There are such fabulous assets of computer aided designing which is continuously increasing by adding new designing tools …
- 它提高了产品的效率和质量。
- Reduced the man’s efforts and minimized the endeavor of many workers and can be controlled by the operator. In such a way the cost of production decreases.
- Machines always work faster than manpower so it will increase the rate of production.
- It is easy in refreshing.
- 设计可以在几秒钟内很快将设计从一个地方转移到另一个地方。
- Because of its nature of digitalization subcontractors have been reduced. There is no need for any third party to contact each other.
- Quality of product is a very high cause of its working nature on the microscopic level, so clarify all the minor defects.
- Analysation power becomes more improved and can be viewed by different angles.
- Provides an isometric workplace that gives appropriate visual.
- It is easy to read the design and cab be make marks or specifications for better understanding.
Application
The CAD system can be used at the office places where instant and frequent changes are required. It has the quality to make changes in design at a particular point without interfering with the main portion of the model. Sometimes we create models that look very similar to the already present model so we can make that model in a different dimension and differentiate that to add some new extra and necessary features which we want. It will save time as well as effort also.
要了解它是基于计算机的系统，并且其处理非常频繁，因此，如果我们的系统处理缓慢，那么处理它的工作将有很多困难。因此，必须满足适当工作的最低要求。熟练的操作员允许控制系统，否则很难处理。一个错误会破坏整个设计。它具有广泛的应用领域，其中一些如下…
1.工程项目
从素描到制造，它具有完成项目的所有能力。借助此软件，可以为正确的应用程序选择正确的材料。可以传达适当的分析。如果需要进行更改。
2. Modeling
In this, the area of application the blueprints for aerospace, automotive, ship projects prepared and designing of the futuristic model can be made. The blueprints used for production are generally are 3D design through which fair production continues. Architectures used this software for making 3D and 2D designs of buildings, gardens, and bungalows.
These days most of the fashion designers also prefer this to work on it and create a new style design according to the latest expression to make true as soon as possible.
3. Computer Animation
In the modern media industry, everyone in a race and wants to make some new and unique things which is possible in CAD design. you can create your dream drawing on system and can be make it physical without manufacturing by means of virtual manufacturing and various application can be employed.
It has a different way of entertainment and brings their imaginary character’s in the form of animation. This is possible only the use of these types of software. So it has a significant role in making more entertaining and graphical vision improvement. The special effects which are shown in movies and commercial serials are possible by the software.
It creates different parts and on time evolution it makes wonderful and charming effects with the use of the graphic system.
4. In Product Data Management
CAD用于各种公司以及小型公司，并将组织的功能保持在正确的道路上。公司可以集成，可以用于隐私目的。没有人可以访问私人数据，您将不会遭受任何损失。
Disadvantages
For better understanding we must have complete knowledge about its back draws and working range to efficient handling. Some of the major limitations are as follows…
- 它并没有全面real-world analysis. CAD is not able to know about its serving.
- It is not able to understand that the project is running will be beneficial or injurious, works on the aim to make the project by any means.
- Cad is used to transferring the data in well-defined manner from one designer to another, but these data cannot be decoded by ordinary.
- Well experienced employee is able to handle this software. A single mistake may able to ruin the whole design that makes huge economical loss.
- 成为设计系统的专家需要很长时间。
- There is a chance of hacking, its necessary to keep an eye on its safety to store the data.
- 每个机械操作都进行了电动设备，因此在设计过程中，如果电力滞后，则计算机会降低并完成数据（工作），但尚未保存的数据将丢失。
- CAD技术不适合审美。
Conclusion
计算机辅助设计改变了设计的时代ning. It is very helpful to draw imaginary images of a real objects. There is no limit to its application ground, you can draw as much as complex imaginary drawings together with it. Still from the last seven years does not any revolutionary is happened but designing software vendors always working on it to improve it and adding new features.
In the future, the Cad will geared up to enhance the concept of designing. It may be come with new features like a virtual designing platform which is going to change the history of drawing as well as manufacturing also.
非常宝贵的文章……希望！此外，我将能够阅读此类文章。