我ntroduction
“物理、祝福和诅咒”,我们the engineers are quite familiar with this quote as we receives both the blessings as well as the curse from the nature when we develop a technology or a machine, specifically when we talk about an automobile vehicle the nature’s physics is the biggest challenge we face, we always talk about engine and transmission system which are the important system of a vehicle is equipped with but have you ever think , how the vehicle feels stable even at the high speed? , Why don’t we feel bumps while sitting in the vehicle? Why don’t the vehicle loses contact with the road even at the high speed or sharp turns ? Let’s just find out.
A suspension system is one of the most important system of an automobile that deals with the dynamics of the vehicle. It is the intermediate flexible system that connects the wheels with the main frame of the vehicle, suspension system is a combination of various components like knuckle or upright (that have important angles like king-pin, caster), Arms or linkages and shock absorber that comes together and enables the relative motion between the tyre and the mainframe.
悬架系统在高速，锋利的转弯和制动等动态条件下为车辆提供了稳定性。
The shock absorbers used in suspension system prevents the main frame from the shocks provided by the rough road conditions by absorbing the shocks which in turn makes the ride smooth for the passengers and the luggage.
Why a Suspension System is Needed?
正如我们上面已经讨论过的那样，在动态条件下，车辆面临许多挑战，例如在大自然提供的道路上行动时作用在车辆上的各种力量，因此需要悬架系统，因为 -
- There is a need of a flexible connection between the main frame and the wheels of the vehicle in dynamic condition that enables the relative motion between them without causing deformation to the main structure or any other components of the vehicle.
- 需要车辆中的悬架系统来支撑主框架的整体重量，其中包括所有安装组件的重量以及乘客的重量。
- A vehicle needs a suspension system to maintain the firm contact between the tires and the road which in turn provide stability to the vehicle
- When a vehicle takes sharp turn there is the tendency of the frame to roll along its lateral axis which should be prevented in order to prevent the vehicle from rolling so a suspension system is needed in a vehicle that can prevent the vehicle from excess rolling.
- When the vehicle accelerates from its initial state and when the brakes are applied in both these conditions there is a tendency of the frame to roll along its longitudinal axis due to which the wheels of the vehicle tries to lose contact with the road surface, so a suspension system is needed in a vehicle that can prevent the vehicle from excess rolling along its longitudinal axis.
- A suspension system works with the steering system in a vehicle to keep the vehicle in a correct alignment that provides stability to the running vehicle.
- The king pin and caster angles provided in a knuckle or upright of the suspension system allows smooth side to side turning of front wheels for steering the vehicle.
- The shock absorbers used in suspension system absorbs the shocks provided by the rough road conditions and makes the ride smooth for both passengers and luggage inside the cockpit.
Also Read:
What is Compression Ratio – Petrol and Diesel Engine?
使用类型的悬浮液
根据前轮胎和后轮胎之间的相对运动，悬架系统均为2种类型 -
1. Non-independent or dependent suspensions –一个悬架系统，前轮和后轮的右轮和左轮都与实心轴连接，以至于由于前轮和后轮的任何一个轮子上的任何一个轮子上的颠簸引起的向上运动一对导致另一个稍微提升。
- De-Dion管实心Axel等。悬浮液的类型是依赖悬浮液的示例
- This type of suspensions are used in many old trucks in which the front and rear pairs of wheels are connected with a solid axle.
2.独立悬架 -A suspension system in which all the four wheels of the vehicle are free i.e. there is no relative motion between the front and the rear pairs of the wheels which means all the four wheels are connected independently with the frame and when a bump comes either in right or left side of the vehicle the wheel (either right side wheel or left side wheel)in contact with the bump moves upward without causing any lift in the other side wheel.
- Double wishbone , mac-pherson, etc. Types of suspensions are the example of independent suspension.
- 使用双叉骨类型的悬架和Maruti Swift等普通乘用车的配方奶车使用独立的悬架。
- The main advantage of using this type of suspension is that the surface contact between the road and either of the wheels is maintained throughout, which is the basic stability need of the vehicle.
悬架系统的主要组成部分
A suspension system irrespective of their type has some main components in common that are:-
1. Knuckle or Upright-我T是安装在车轮轮毂上的悬架系统的组成部分，车轮和车辆的悬架通过所提供的连杆相互连接。
- A knuckle is provided with the king-pin and the caster angles that helps the front wheels of the vehicle to steer in right or left direction which in turn steers the vehicle.
- 指关节为中央轴承提供了外壳，轮毂的轮毂与车轮的旋转一起旋转。
2. Linkages-连锁是悬架系统中使用的刚性连接，以通过机械紧固件将车辆的主框架与车轮的指关节连接起来。新利18app官网备用
根据悬架的类型，所使用的链接有3种类型 -
（i）叉骨或A臂 -我t is the type of the mechanical linkage which is in shape of the alphabet A, the pointy end of the A-arm is fastened to the knuckle and the other 2 ends of the A-arm are fastened to the main frame of the vehicle.
根据车辆的应用，使用单个A臂或双A臂。
(ii) Solid axle or live axle-我t is the type of linkage which is used to connect the main frame of the vehicle with the knuckle on the wheel, this is the solid axle casing that supports the overall weight of the vehicle, this type of linkage can be seen in trucks.
(iii) Multiple links-而不是使用双叉骨或实心轴连接，各种高端汽车采用多种链接类型，其中使用多个固体链路将车辆的主框架连接到车轮上的指关节
3.减震器或弹簧 -They are the flexible mechanical components that are used to absorb shock provided by the road condition and is placed between the linkages ( wishbone. Solid axle, multi-links) and the main frame such that the road shock is minimised before transmitting to the main frame of a vehicle.
根据应用和类型的悬浮液的类型，使用的减震器是许多类型的
（i）弹簧和阻尼型休克吸收器 -我t is the type of shock absorber in which a pneumatic or hydraulic piston known as damper is used that provides damping by absorbing the road shocks.
该阻尼器被压缩线圈弹簧所包围，该弹簧是一种弹性机械约束，当颠簸和后坐力施加力时会压缩，或者在去除力时会重新恢复其原始形状和大小。新利18app官网备用
我t is used to maintain the surface contact of the tyres with the road by providing stiffness (resistance to compress), also maintain the damper at its original length after absorbing the shock.
（ii）叶弹簧 -我t is thetype of springin which a number of ductile metal plates called leaf are arranged in a special pattern i.e. one over one in ascending order of their length, leaves of the leaf spring shock absorber are pre-stressed such that when the shock is transferred by the wheels these pre stressed leaves being ductile tries to regain their original shape i.e. straighten,. Due to which shock is absorbed by the leaves .
- 这种类型的休克absorber can be easily seen in trucks on the road in which leaf spring shock absorber is used in between the solid or live axle and the main frame of the vehicle.
(iii) Air spring-我t is the latest type of shock absorbers which can be easily seen in Volvo buses, in air spring shock absorbers the damping of shock is a function of air compression, which means air is used as a shock absorber.
- 不同负载条件所需的空气由车辆的电气控制单元控制和监测。
What is Manual Transmission and How it Works?
悬架系统的工作
独立悬架
To understand the working of the independent suspension let’s take the example of the formula cars suspension in which double wishbone with coil spring suspensions are used.
- 我n formula cars independent double wishbone suspensions are used in which all the 4 tyres of the formula car are independent to move i.e. there is no relative motion between them.
Working
Let assume that the bump is in left side of the vehicle and at the instant the front left tyre comes in contact with it.
- When the left tyre of the formula car hits the road bump which in turn causes front left tyre to lift upward and as there is no connection between the right and the left or front and the rear tyres this upward movement is only restricted to the front left wheel.
- 由于这种道路撞击而产生的冲击是由压缩类型弹簧吸收的，并且在轮子的指关节和主框架之间使用的阻尼器，这种冲击是直接吸收的，或者通过将冲击从关节转移到阻尼器的推路。
- 独立双叉骨悬架中使用的弹簧和阻尼器的刚度负责在道路上保持公式车轮的牵引力。
非独立或依赖的悬架
- To understand the working of dependent type of suspension system let us take the example of a suspension system used in a truck in India i.e. solid axle or live axle having leaf springs.
- 我n trucks dependent type of suspension is use in which both the wheels of the rear and front pairs of wheels are connected with a solid axle such that the upward movement of one wheel causes slight lift in the other.
这种类型的悬架的布置如下 -
- Both the front and rear pair of wheels are connected with the solid live axle over which the frame of the truck lies, between the solid axle and frame leaf spring arrangement is used that provides the damping of the shock.
Working
- Let’s assume the bump is at the left tyre of the truck, this road bump faced by the left tyre of the truck tries to lift the left wheel of the truck.
- When this wheel lifts up due to the road bump the solid axle attached with it also lifts up and the force generated by the wheel due to its upward movement is transferred to corresponding right wheel (as they are both rigidly connected with the live axle) which in turn tries to lift it up slightly.
- The shock produced by the road bump is absorbed by the leaf springs used in between the axle and the main frame.
- 当卡车面对道路冲击时，以特殊方式预压力的叶子弹簧试图恢复其原始形状，即伸直，这反过来又吸收了道路冲击。
以更好的方式了解汽车的悬架系统，请观看以下给出的视频：
